It's something I already knew, but the layman should make this connection. The following is not an excuse: Every time you feel hungry when you pass by a refrigerator? Like that, but with alleyways and pub bathrooms. And like someone heavy who got that way from eating and being sedentary, you know you do it to yourself. Combine personal guilt with social shame and it's a perfect storm.
I still pass by some of the places I used to use heavily and have to gird myself against that sudden rush of endorphins that cools up the spine and tingles every little hair. My eye starts twitching and my left arm itches. The only reason most people don't notice is because I have a great deal of forced poise. Don't like people seeing me weak. Anyway, very interesting article. It makes so much sense it's almost hard to understand why we didn't always know this, but hindsight and all.
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Then, in , when he was twenty-three, he read an essay by H. Wells about the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
That unexplored world was the mechanics of the human brain. Pavlov had noticed, in his research on the digestive system of dogs, that they drooled as soon as they saw the white lab coats of the people who fed them. Pavlov had formulated a basic psychological principle—one that also applied to human beings—and discovered an objective way to measure how it worked.
Skinner was enthralled. Two years after reading the Times Magazine piece, he attended a lecture that Pavlov delivered at Harvard and obtained a signed picture, which adorned his office wall for the rest of his life. Skinner and other behaviorists often spoke of their debt to Pavlov, particularly to his view that free will was an illusion, and that the study of human behavior could be reduced to the analysis of observable, quantifiable events and actions.
Todes, a professor of the history of medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In fact, much of what we thought we knew about Pavlov has been based on bad translations and basic misconceptions.
That begins with the popular image of a dog slavering at the ringing of a bell. Pavlov is perhaps best known for introducing the idea of the conditioned reflex, although Todes notes that he never used that term.
For Pavlov, the emphasis fell on the contingent, provisional nature of the association—which enlisted other reflexes he believed to be natural and unvarying. Such conjectures about brain circuitry were anathema to the behaviorists, who were inclined to view the mind as a black box.
Nothing mattered, in their view, that could not be observed and measured. Pavlov never subscribed to that theory, or shared their disregard for subjective experience. Pavlov believed that it started with data, and he found that data in the saliva of dogs. By creating additional fistulas along the digestive system and collecting the various secretions, he could measure their quantity and chemical properties in great detail.
That research won him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. All human resources—art, religion, literature, philosophy, and the historical sciences—all have joined in the attempt to throw light upon this darkness. First the dogs were presented with the food, they salivated. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and salivation was an unconditioned innate response. Then Pavlov sounded the bell neutral stimulus before giving the food. After a few pairings the dogs salivated when they heard the bell even when no food was given.
The bell had become the conditioned stimulus and salivation had become the conditioned response. The dogs had learnt to associate the bell with the food and the sound of the bell and salivation was triggered by the sound of the bell. Pavlov showed that classical conditioning leads to learning by association.
McLeod, S. Pavlov's dogs. Simply Psychology. Pavlov, I. Lectures on conditioned reflexes. Translated by W.
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